| Etchant | Composition | Concentration | Conditions | Comments |
| Kalling’s No:1 | Distilled water CuCl2 | 33 ml | Immersion etching at 20° C | For etching martensitic stainless steels. Martensite will be dark and the ferrite will be coloured |
| HCl | 1,5 grams | |||
| Ethanol | 33 ml | |||
| Kalling’s No:2 | CuCl2 | 5 grams | Immersion etching at 20° C | For etching duplex stainless steels and Ni-Cu alloys and superalloys |
| HCl | 100 ml | |||
| Ethanol | 100 ml | |||
| Kellers etch | Distilled water | 190 ml | 10 –30 seconds immersion. Use only fresh etchant | Excellent for aluminium and alloys immersion for 10 – 20 seconds; titanium alloys immersion for 10-20 seconds |
| Nitric acid | 5 ml | |||
| HCl | 3 ml | |||
| HF | 2 ml | |||
| Kroll’s Reagent | Distilled water Nitric acid | 92 ml | 15 seconds | Excellent for titanium and alloys. Swab specimen upto 20 seconds. |
| HF | 6 ml | |||
| 2 ml | ||||
| Nital | Ethanol | 100 ml | Seconds to minutes | Most common etchant for Fe, carbon and alloys steels and cast iron- immerse sample up from seconds to minutes; Mn-Fe, MnNi, Mn-Cu, Mn-Co alloys, immersion upto a few minutes. |
| Nitric acid | 1-10 ml | |||
| Marbel’s Reagent | CuSO4 | 10 grams | Immerse or swab for 5-60 seconds | For etching Ni, Ni-Cu and Ni-Fe alloys and superalloys. Add a few drops to H2SO4 to increase activity. |
| HCl | 50 ml | |||
| Water | 50 ml | |||
| Murakami’s | K3Fe(CN)6 | 10 grams | Pre-mix KOH and water before adding K3Fe(CN)6 | Cr and alloys (use fresh and immerse) iron and steels reveals carbides. Mo and alloys uses fresh and immerse; Ni-Cu alloys for alpha phases use at 75°C; W and alloys use fresh and immerse; WC-Co and complex sintered carbides. |
| KOH | 10 grams | |||
| Water | 100 ml | |||
| Picral | Ethanol | 100 ml | Seconds to minutes Do not let etchant crystallize or gry-expolisive | Recommended for microstructures containing ferrite and carbides. |
| Picric Acid | 2 – 4 grams | |||
| Vilela’s Reagent | Glycerol | 45 ml | Seconds to minutes | Good for ferrite- carbide structures (tempered martensite) in iron and steel. |
| Nitric acid | 15 ml | |||
| HCl | 30 ml |
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